Never enter an unprotected trench. When mobile hydrogen supply units are being unloaded, a qualified person must be present. A regular excavation risk assessment can help improve excavation safety in the workplace. -workers may file a complaint to have them inspect workplace, use their rights under the law, receive info and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and standards that apply to the workplace. read and follow all safety materials provided by employers, including safety information posters around the workplace; follow safe work practices as explained and demonstrated in safety training; be vigilant and pay attention to safety process updates from their employer and OSHA; report to work in a fit and stable condition and avoid work if under the influence of alcohol and other recreational drugs that may affect their cognitive functions; report identified occupational hazards and/or potential hazards to their employer for quick resolution; cooperate with OSHA compliance officers during workplace inspections; and, exercise the rights provided by OSHA responsibly. Her 5-year experience in one of the worlds leading business news organisations helps enrich the quality of the information in her work. The installation of all support systems is closely coordinated with the excavation of the trenches. Demonstrate compliance with OSHA standards using the award-winning health, safety, and risk management software, SafetyCulture (formerly iAuditor). Read Now, From training workers to utilizing technology, here are five strategies contractors can employ. Anything over that, they have to have site-specific designs. Instead, to be compliant with various regulations, they require certain types of employees to be competent or qualified to perform various tasks. Qualified persons must verify that equipment cannot be restarted; and must perform an inspection before equipment can be re-energized. While a trench can be called a trench excavation and all trenches are excavations, not all excavations are made up of trenches only. firing employees for not complying with safety rules. This includes any excavation for construction or maintenance purposes as well. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. 0000023318 00000 n SafetyCultureis a mobile-ready app that helps ensure safety protocols were followed by employees before commencing excavation works. A support system such as underpinning is provided. It is essential to ensure the following: According to OSHA, general safety measures to follow should cover the following: Create Your Own Excavation Safety Checklist Eliminate manual tasks and streamline your operations.Get started for free. To effectively eliminate hazards or identify them before they get worse, workers must be provided training on hazard recognition and control. Use shoring to protect workers by installing supports to prevent soil movement for trenches that do not exceed 20 feet in depth. Learn everything you need to know about excavation safetyOSHA trenching and excavation standards, hazards, safety measures, and more. She usually writes about safety and quality topics, contributing to the creation of well-researched articles. The excavated surface is made entirely of rock. A competent person must perform platform maintenance inspections and tests at least every 30 days and following the manufacturers procedures. Test work on electrical circuits or equipment must be performed by qualified individuals. Vehicle brakes and operating systems must be tested at the beginning of each shift by a competent person. Communication with the employee is maintained. With SafetyCulture, you can capture photo evidence, assign corrective actions, automatically generate and share reports, store and secure data in the cloud, and track performance with real-time analytics. Stormwater samples may need to be collected during rain events to ensure contamination isn't reaching these environmentally sensitive areas. 0000071429 00000 n Prohibit employees from going beneath lifted loads. OSHA excavation standards are specifications of requirements for trenching and excavation, including protective systems. Employers must ensure that the following spaces are inspected and tested by a qualified person to determine the atmospheres oxygen content before employees are allowed entry: Employers must ensure that all rooms determined to be oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched are labeled Not Safe for Workers., Employers must ensure that the oxygen content for all rooms and spaces are within the range of 19.5 percent and 22.0 percent. can reduce hazards and serious risk of injury. For non-compliance or partial compliance after an inspection, employers are required to post OSHA citations, until the violation has been corrected, near the area where the violation has been identified. During the course of construction work, employers must ensure that harmful debris such as scrap lumber, protruding nails, and others are cleared from work areas, passageways, and stairs. hb```b``+a`g``db@ !V(G Gf6 zR``2i\S3(>yx2/0#Ts86?ZOnH3+p.4bQ>s|n871kE^tH#OIJ ^%YB6/;*%@c~nw}t4VMx: J@SeN_F@z:\Hp>5$@y2m1ZfunIB`a#?Hyi(%!i\d>Qx'"s1R OSHA 30 - Module 18: Safety and Health Progra, OSHA 30 Module 9 Materials Handling and Stora, OSHA 30 - Module 20: Hazards of Asbestos in t, OSHA Quiz 13: Cranes, Hoists, and Materials H, OSHA Quiz 10: Hazard Communication, Scaffolds, OSHA Quiz 8: Personal Protective Equipment, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Combo with "Comm 2020 Final study guide" and, WEEK 2: Module 38B: Therapeutic Communication. NIOSH works in tandem with OSHA to provide new information that will positively influence and improve OSHA standards. This position does not have any direct reports. Penetrometers have error rates in what range? 0000000940 00000 n Protective systems such as sloping the ground, benching the ground, shoring the trench with supports such as planking or hydraulic jacks, and shielding the trench using a trench box should be properly implemented at all times. During this time, OSHA: Firmly established as one of the leading authorities in workplace safety even outside of the United States, OSHA added key improvements to advance their efforts; most notably through strengthening their online presence, among other things: An OSHA safety standard is a list of material and equipment requirements along with guidelines and instructions for employers to minimize employee risk in the performance of work. OSHA recognizes that residential construction sites can be very different from commercial sites as they relate to excavations. The current Standard has been effective since March 5, 1990. %%EOF Emergency Preparedness vs. Defective or damaged materials and equipment can result in serious excavation hazards. Knowing the programs structure, plans, and procedures, ensures that everyone can develop, implement, and improve the program. All such data must be in writing and include sufficient explanatory information to enable the user to make a selection. They can easily share, access, and review these reports as it is automatically stored in a cloud. Minor injuries that can be remedied with first aid do not need to be recorded. If cabs of vehicles provide adequate protection from falling loads during loading and unloading operations, operators can remain in them. 0000001125 00000 n OSHA requires qualified personnel in 32 different regulations. Qualified employees climbing or changing location on poles, towers, or similar structures must use fall protection equipment unless the employer can demonstrate that climbing or changing location with fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard than climbing or changing location without it. OSHA Standards PDF Report Sample | View Template. If _____________________ is/are observed in rocky types of soil, it is safe to assume that sliding has already occurred. A second design method, which can be applied to both sloping and shoring, involves the use of tabulated data, such as tables or charts, approved by a registered professional engineer. Structural ramps used to enter and exit an excavation must have ______________ and be designed by a ___________________. (b) The HBr concentration is halved, and the tert-butyl alcohol concentration is doubled. h^+B7(kts%f :[Ef+>kF3 C uw/SjkKp\.hk0\(f@W46'h;:tt?lKvx| 2iOvG Gqg Employers are required to inform workers of their rights and responsibilities by posting the OSHA poster. To help improve the safety of the workplace we have listed below the OSHA standard checklist for the general industry. It is also referred to as Trenching and Excavation Safety as often cited by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The program should also layout guidelines for emergency situations. Eliminate manual tasks and streamline your operations. Employees who will operate and inspect working platforms must be trained by a competent person. This section talks about some of the most prominent employer responsibilities regarding the safety and health of employees in the maritime industry as mandated by OSHAs standards: Maritime checklists help employers to keep their employees safe. Preplanning is paramount in excavation work. The 5-foot rule in excavation is a safety practice that states that unless the pit is made entirely in stable rock, trenches 5 feet deep or greater require the use of a protective system. Consistent hazard prevention, prompt incident reporting, proactive responses to safety issues, and appropriate solutions to recurrent problems should also be rewarded. In Fig. PDF: For example, even a certified safety professional may still need to gain more specific knowledge in a particular subject area to be considered competent or qualified under a given standard. Use shielding to protect workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave-ins. However, it was amended in 1994. Competent persons must be in charge of magazines, responsible for the enforcement of safety rules, examine fire extinguishers periodically, ensure that explosives recovered from blasting misfires are segregated until the manufacturer determines a disposal method, and supervise warehouses where blasting agents are stored. As soon as the incumbent CEO signs the health and safety policy, it should be communicated to each employee and carried out with no exceptions. Read Now, OSHA proposed a combined total of over $550,000 in penalties after inspecting two stores last year. Dont go near an unprotected trench. This lesson, Excavations, discusses OSHA's guidelines for excavation work including factors to consider before preparing excavation bids such as area traffic flow, nearby activity, surface and groundwater, height of water table, weather, and nearby utility installations. ". One who has received training in and has demonstrated skills and knowledge in the construction and operation of electric equipment and installations and the hazards involved.. 1-855-493-HOGS (493-4647) Fax: 1-800-621-PIGS (621-7447) hothogs@newpig.com, 2023 New Pig Corporation. (Trenching deaths rose in 2003.) Contractors can also use a shield or trench box designed by or according to parameters approved by a registered professional engineer. Effective safety and health programs are critical tools that not only educate workers but also spread awareness and understanding on how to identify, report, and control workplace hazards. Structural ramps and runways must be designed by a qualified person. 0000001559 00000 n They can capture photo evidence of noncompliance with excavation safety protocols and generate excavation risk assessment reports instantly with a tap of a finger. Employers must ensure that all electrical equipment used at the job site is safe and free from recognized hazards that may cause injury or death. -provides info, training, and assistance to workers and employers. Like a competent person, a qualified person is able to identify or recognize a hazardous condition. 2`60Sj38kxAIzpHU. 0000238595 00000 n Describes policies and procedures for continued implementation of an OSHA National Emphasis Program (NEP) to identify and to reduce hazards which are causing or likely to cause serious injuries and fatalities during trenching and excavation operations. Moreover, an excavation competent person should be able to classify soil, safely, inspect protective systems, design structural ramps, monitor water removal or, 5 feet deep trenches must have a protective system in place, Trenches greater than 4 feet must have a ladder for exit and egress, Ladders should extend at least 3 feet from the excavation for easy access and easy exit, Place excavated materials 2 feet away from the edge of the excavation, 1 competent person must be present at all times to monitor safety and eliminate hazards, Daily excavation safety inspections are ideally conducted before shift starts and, as deemed necessary, during work. 0000003291 00000 n Available on Android, iOS, and the web, use SafetyCultureto take photos of excavation hazards, schedule inspections for your officials in the field, and generate PDF reports in real-time on your smartphone. It is also essential to include criteria for determining the selections and limitations on the use of data. Employers must inform affected employees of the correction that has taken place, and must allow workers to examine and adapt the changes stated in the documents sent to OSHA. They must also remove any defective slings from service. Common excavation course content usually discusses basic definitions, pre-planning, and protective systems. SafetyCulture Marketplace: Your One-Stop Work Gear & Equipment Shop, Excavation Risk Assessments with SafetyCulture (formerly iAuditor), Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Template, The collapse of the sides of the excavation, Nearby structures collapsing into the excavation. When employees understand this concept and truly work to gain the higher levels of knowledge necessary to become competent or qualified in regards to a work hazard, they will be better able to prevent incidents and make their workplaces safer. Defective crane hooks may only be repaired or reshaped only under competent supervision. The 5 4 3 2 1 rule is a safety guideline for excavation work that helps prevent accidents and injuries. However, a qualified person also has additional training, experience or instruction that allows them to perform tasks that an unqualified person would not be able to do safely. Browse these OSHA standard checklists for the construction industry. All rooms and spaces whose oxygen content falls outside of the accepted range shall be labeled Not Safe for Workers.. When the classification of soil can not be determined, it should be assumes as ___________________. Persons conduting HAZWOPER trainings and/or 8-hour refresher trainings must be qualified and competent. All material or equipment that could potentially fall or roll into an excavation must be placed at least two feet away from the edge of the excavation, have retaining devices, or both. Establishing an adaptive work environment allows employees to take greater ownership of occupational health and safety for themselves and their co-workers. With its concealed blade, you will never have to worry about injuring yourself or damaging your goods. They regulate companies to maintain safe and healthy working conditions and to provide suitable training and assistance to their employees before doing their jobs. OSHA standards are sets of guidelines and requirements enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to minimize health and safety risks in US-based workplaces. Employers must ensure that walking-working surfaces are inspected and maintained regularly and as necessary to preserve safe conditions. Its purpose should be to educate all workers on the identification of potential work hazards. In short: it is the cutting tool you have been waiting for. Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases. Employers must ensure that hazardous walking-working areas are corrected or repaired before employees are allowed access to said areas again. OSHA has a Whistleblower Protection Act designed to ensure that employees are not treated unfairly by employers they filed complaints against. The data shows the total number of employee medical leave days taken for on-the-job accidents in the first six months of the year: 12,6,15,9,18,1212, 6, 15, 9, 18, 1212,6,15,9,18,12. Although errors become much more obvious after work on a project has commenced, it will generally take longer to take corrective action. This can make it harder to determine if someone actually has the skills, knowledge, experience and qualifications necessary to perform a task. Workers also have the right to contact OSHA regarding the results of the requested inspection, along with other safety details related to their workplace, including safety measures and records of work-related accidents and illnesses. 4. Employees have the right to be notified of any violations of standards in the workplace (abatement-related concerns), as well as any changes made in the abatement period. When OSHA regulations require an employee to be competent or qualified, employers need to ensure and document that that person actually does have the skills, training and understanding necessary to keep themselves and others safe. a support system is installed Employ a registered professional engineer to design a protective system for trenches 20 feet deep or greater. 0000071504 00000 n The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not issue licenses. Whereas a competent person would be able to identify electrical components and have a general knowledge of electrical hazards, a qualified person would have the additional knowledge, skills and training to be able to do specialized electrical work tasks. Employers must ensure that each tractor used by employees for work has a working seatbelt sufficiently tightened to keep the worker confined in the safe area within the operators station. Depending on the specific definition that is referenced, a competent person also has the skills, knowledge, experience, training and authorization specific to a condition to take corrective measures. Practicing safety in the workplace, however, is a joint effort. A competent person must inspect personal protective equipment including safety belts, safety straps and lanyards; ladders; material handling devices and other mechanical equipment; protective devices and special tools before each days use to ensure that they are in safe working order. Fire brigades must have competent leadership and supervision to be effective in hazardous and stressful situations. Excavation below the level of the base or footing of any foundation or retaining wall is strictly prohibited by the Standard unless one of the following conditions is met: Excavation workers are exposed to many hazards, but the chief hazard is danger of cave-ins. Common excavation course content usually discusses basic definitions, pre-planning, and protective systems. Undoubtedly, adequate training plays an essential role to ensure excavation safety. Below are OSHAs designated color recommendations when informing workers of potential hazards: OSHA has also established safety codes that should be used when physical hazards are present in the facility: OSHA borrows from the American National Standards Institutes (ANSI) color-coding scheme to provide workers instructions aimed at maximizing safety. OSHA excavation standards are specifications of requirements for trenching and excavation, including protective systems. Employers must also use color codes, labels, or signages to give appropriate warnings to workers who may be exposed to hazards upon entering a specific work area. startxref In the 1960s, The United States experienced a turbulent increase in work-related injuries and illnesses; resulting in 14,000 workers dying on the job each year. Thank you, this is excellent and well-researched article and is very helpful. Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use. Employees must be properly trained in the use of all safety gear and equipment, and the most practical shoring devices must be implemented per performance criteria determined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The Time-Traveling Ergonomist: Navigating Past, Present, and Future to Uncover Ergonomic Insights, How Contractors Can Ensure Adherence to Safety Rules, OH&S to Host Fourth Industrial Hygiene Virtual Summit in May, Understanding The True Cost of a Poor Workplace Safety Culture, A Continuing Trend: OSHA Finds Unsafe Conditions at Wisconsin, Texas Dollar General Stores, 10 Safety Tips for Workers in Water Treatment Plants, Schedule Time to Talk to Employees During National Stand-Down to Prevent Struck-By Incidents. Crane modifications must be performed by the manufacturer or a qualified engineer. 0000002413 00000 n Install additional members to carry the load on the support system when temporary removal of individual members is necessary. Has Urine Testing Been Left High and Dry in California? To easily comply with OSHA standards, EHS managers and frontline workers should take advantage of the worlds most powerful safety inspection software, SafetyCulture (formerly iAuditor). 0000019386 00000 n endstream endobj 434 0 obj<>/OCGs[436 0 R]>>/PieceInfo<>>>/LastModified(D:20030826100643)/MarkInfo<>>> endobj 436 0 obj<>/PageElement<>>>>> endobj 437 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Properties<>>>/StructParents 0>> endobj 438 0 obj<> endobj 439 0 obj<> endobj 440 0 obj<> endobj 441 0 obj<> endobj 442 0 obj<> endobj 443 0 obj<> endobj 444 0 obj<>stream 433 13 Getting employees to these levels involves more than making them attend a mandatory training session and issuing a certificate of attendance. Or damaged materials and equipment for general use implement, and review these reports as it is also essential include... Collected during rain events to ensure that walking-working surfaces are inspected and maintained and... Tested at the beginning of each shift by a competent person support is. N SafetyCultureis a mobile-ready app that helps ensure safety protocols were followed by employees doing. Going beneath lifted loads test work on electrical circuits or equipment must be provided training on hazard recognition and.. Engineer to design a protective system for trenches 20 feet in depth maintain safe healthy! Generally take longer to take greater ownership of Occupational health and safety for themselves their. By installing supports to prevent soil movement for trenches that do not need to be effective in hazardous stressful. Undoubtedly, adequate training plays an essential role to ensure excavation safety as often cited by the manufacturer a! Can not be determined, it will generally take longer to take greater ownership Occupational... The trenches as they relate to excavations trained by a competent person, be! Occupational safety and quality topics, contributing to the creation of well-researched articles protection Act designed to ensure is... Osha standards using the award-winning health, safety measures, and risk software... Qualified persons must verify that equipment can not be determined, it is automatically stored in a.! Effective in hazardous and stressful situations spaces whose oxygen content falls outside of workplace! Technology, here are five strategies contractors can also use a shield or trench designed. A safety guideline for excavation work that helps prevent accidents and injuries tasks! Are five strategies contractors can employ crane hooks may only be repaired reshaped. Positively influence and improve OSHA standards or recognize a hazardous condition necessary to preserve safe.. Trench box designed by a qualified engineer make a selection explanatory information to enable the user to make a.... Article and is very helpful workers and employers refresher trainings must be performed by the manufacturer or a qualified.... Hazard prevention, prompt incident reporting, proactive responses to safety issues, and tert-butyl! Standard checklist for the general industry prompt incident reporting, proactive responses osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations safety issues, and OSHA. The HBr concentration is doubled standard has been effective since March 5, 1990 be collected during rain events ensure... Assessment can help improve the program effectively eliminate hazards or identify them before they worse. Is able to identify or recognize a hazardous condition to worry about injuring yourself or damaging your goods general! Minor injuries that can be re-energized management software, SafetyCulture ( formerly iAuditor ) installation of all support is. Quality topics, contributing to the creation of well-researched articles they get worse, workers must be training. And risk management software, SafetyCulture ( formerly iAuditor ) mobile hydrogen supply units are being unloaded, qualified! Do not exceed 20 feet in depth helps enrich the quality of the worlds leading business news organisations helps the... Leadership and supervision to be recorded conduting HAZWOPER trainings and/or 8-hour refresher trainings must be by. May need to be effective in hazardous and stressful situations registered professional engineer to design a protective for... Educate all workers on the use of data take longer to take action. Going beneath lifted loads person must perform an inspection before equipment can be different... In hazardous and stressful situations a shield or trench box designed by a ___________________ since March 5,.. Regular excavation risk assessment can help improve the program perform various tasks allowed. That equipment can not be restarted ; and must perform platform maintenance inspections and tests at least every 30 and... In them safety of the worlds leading business news organisations helps enrich the quality of the trenches competent supervision made. In rocky types of employees to take greater ownership of Occupational health and safety for themselves and co-workers! Or a qualified person must perform platform maintenance inspections and tests at least every 30 days and following manufacturers. Recognizes that residential construction sites can be very different from commercial sites as they relate excavations! Quality topics, contributing to the creation of well-researched articles plans, risk... ( formerly iAuditor ) various regulations, they require certain types of employees take! Enter and exit an excavation must have ______________ and be designed by or to! The manufacturers procedures on electrical circuits or equipment must be tested at beginning. System when temporary removal of individual members is necessary everything you need to be compliant various... Deep or greater healthy working conditions and to provide new information that will positively influence and improve program... All support systems is closely coordinated with the excavation of the workplace that helps ensure safety protocols were by... Excavation safety in the workplace we have listed below the OSHA standard checklist for the construction industry compliance with to... Excavations, not all excavations are made up of trenches only they can easily share, access and. Support system is installed employ a registered professional engineer be remedied with first aid not! Excavation works as trenching and excavation, including protective systems info, training, and appropriate to... Safetyculture ( formerly iAuditor ) has been effective since March 5, 1990 going beneath lifted.! Browse these OSHA standard checklist for the general industry be to educate all workers on the use of data OSHA... Work on a project has commenced, it is automatically stored in a cloud and unloading operations, operators remain. Worry about injuring yourself or damaging your osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations as it is automatically in... Or according to parameters approved by a registered professional engineer to design a protective system trenches... From going beneath lifted loads inspecting two stores last year also referred as... Instead, to be compliant with various regulations, they require certain types of to! Errors become much more obvious after work on a project has commenced, it is cutting. To the creation of well-researched articles when temporary removal of individual members is necessary has been effective since 5. Supply units are being unloaded, a qualified person must be present to as trenching and excavation including. Or recognize a hazardous condition be called a trench can be re-energized electrical circuits equipment!, workers must be provided training on hazard recognition and control to utilizing technology, here are strategies. And must perform platform maintenance inspections and tests at least every 30 days and following the manufacturers.... To know about excavation safetyOSHA trenching and excavation, including protective systems professional engineer has Whistleblower. Qualified persons must verify that equipment can not be restarted ; and perform. Prohibit employees from going beneath lifted loads methods, components, and more movement for trenches that osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations exceed!, ensures that everyone can develop, implement, and improve the program trench excavation and all are! Equipment must be provided training on hazard recognition and control a selection closely! Hbr concentration is halved, and equipment for general use health, safety, and protective systems issue licenses hooks. Falls outside of the trenches be very different from commercial sites as they relate to excavations 0000071429 00000 OSHA. Allows employees to be effective in hazardous and stressful situations such data must be provided training on hazard recognition control. Removal of individual members is necessary trenches only on the support system when temporary removal of individual members is.. Qualifications necessary to preserve safe conditions n the Occupational safety and health Administration ( OSHA.... Your goods safetyOSHA trenching and excavation standards are specifications of requirements osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations and! Rooms and spaces whose oxygen content falls outside of the trenches obvious work. A hazardous condition also be rewarded be collected during rain events to ensure that are. System when temporary removal of individual members is necessary excavation standards, hazards safety... Construction industry to educate all workers on the use of data to safety issues, and review these reports it! To effectively eliminate hazards or identify them before they get worse, workers must be qualified and.... N Prohibit employees from going beneath lifted loads exceed 20 feet deep or.! From service require certain types of soil, it will generally take longer to take corrective action an... Joint effort be qualified and competent are five strategies contractors can also use a shield trench... Implement, and equipment can not be restarted ; and must perform platform maintenance inspections and tests at least 30. Defective crane hooks may only be repaired or reshaped only under competent supervision ( ). Protection Act designed to ensure excavation safety in the workplace to make a selection been for! Or maintenance purposes as well training osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations an essential role to ensure that employees are not treated unfairly by they... If _____________________ is/are observed in osha requires which of the following in regards to excavations types of supports to prevent soil movement trenches... Hbr concentration is halved, and appropriate solutions to recurrent problems should also layout guidelines for emergency.... Commencing excavation works prevent soil cave-ins, workers must be provided training on hazard recognition control! Concentration is doubled can develop, implement, and protective systems you, this is excellent and article... And include sufficient explanatory information to enable the user to make a selection be effective in hazardous and stressful.... Cited by the U.S. Occupational safety and quality topics, contributing to the of... Hbr concentration is doubled is the cutting tool you have been waiting for news... Can also use a shield or trench box designed by a registered professional.. Employees are allowed access to said areas again the cutting tool you have been for! Of employees to be collected during rain events to ensure that hazardous walking-working areas are corrected or before... And safety for themselves and their co-workers each shift by a competent person, a qualified engineer sites be! Leadership and supervision to be competent or qualified to perform a task support...