Salessalary(fixedannualamount). Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Prepare a flexible budget performance report for 2010. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. When the price level increases, producers tend to supply more of a product in the market to earn a higher revenue or vice versa. The U.S. has its biggest trade deficit, not surprisingly, with China, and that deficit increased by $31.6 billion in 2022, to $382.9 billion. \text { X3 } & -6.5377 & -9.8090 & -3.2664 \\ The flight of assets occurs when investors sell off their holdings in a country because of perceived weakness in its economy and the assumption that there are better opportunities abroad. WebWhat effect would this tax increase have on Canadas real exchange rate and net exports? 0 The following table presents data on the relationship between various real interest rates and national saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow in this economy, where the currency is the U.S. dollar. c. net capital outflow falls and its net exports rise. The most common foreign trade barriers are government policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the international exchange of goods and services. WebExports B. "Imports of goods and services (% of GDP).". However, other currency units are available (e.g. 10 Exports increased by $453.1 billion, or 17.7%, while imports increased by $556.1 billion, or 16.3%. \hline \text { Packaging .. } & 75,000 & \\ A country has output of $600 billion, consumption of $350 billion, government expenditures of $90 billion and investment of $60 billion. A negative net exports number detracts from that number. Examples are many. 7 ", Midpoint Method for Price Elasticity of Demand. WebExpert Answer. 15 \hline\text { Cost of goods sold }\\ WebNet Capital OutflowNet Capital Outflow = = Net ExportsNet Exports In other words, if a transaction directly affects the left side of this equation, then it must also affect the right side. \end{array} 10 Assume that the economy is currently experiencing a balanced government budget. Given the information in the preceding table, use the blue points (circle symbol) to plot the demand for loanable funds. . a. U.S. net exports, U.S. domestic investment, U.S. net capital outflow a. and the quantity of dollars traded rises. 40 The total amount saved is equal to the amount of domestic investment plus capital outflow. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. In Model 222 the parameter 6\beta_66 represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign CCC compared to advertising campaign BBB. 3 35 They now hold fewer financial Japanese assets, so your subsequent negative financial outflow (wiping out your original positive outflow) is balanced by the negative financial inflow (from a Japanese perspective) of the US or other foreign entity reducing its Japanese assets. 35 "Exports of goods and services (% GDP). To invest people need to save, by saving they are building a supply of funds available to investment, this increases the net capital outflow. Kindly answer this question as soon as you can 45 2 \hline\text { Selling expenses } \\ It's the net flow of funds being invested abroad by a country over a certain period of time. NCO also represents the quantity of country A's currency available on the foreign exchange market, and as such can be viewed as the supply-half that determines the real exchange rate, the demand-half being demand for A's currency in the foreign exchange market. \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & \$ 1,185,000& \\ The net capital outflow is the net of funds being invested internationally. d. falls, which reduces net exports. (Percent) Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. \text { DA } & -0.2137 & -0.3423 & -0.0851 \\ Analyze and interpret both the (a) sales variance and (b) direct materials variance. Explaining the net capital outflow - trade balance identity. ", World Bank. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. What will happen to the U.S. savings and net capital inflow function if the U.S. budget deficit increases? Domestic Investment Demand in the market for foreign-currency exchange comes from net exports so these markets are definitely linked. (Percent) A: As a buying manager, you now pay $1,500,000 for tea shipment. What will happen to the real rate of interest if the U.S. budget deficit increases? Suppose that many Americans suddenly become very interested in investing in Canada. WebNet exports Exports Net capital outflow Investment and net capital outflow 2. The following table presents data on the relationship between various real interest rates and national saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow in this economy, where the currency is the U.S. dollar. Net Capital Outflow You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Since 1950 a. U.S. exports and U.S. imports each have increased slightly. How can I test if a new package version will pass the metadata verification step without triggering a new package version? If a nation's currency is weak in relation to other currencies, the goods available for export become more competitivein international markets as their prices are relatively less expensive to the retail customer. How net capital outflow is equal to net exports suppose I export a car to US and in return i got few thousand dollars then instead of acquiring any asset abroad i decided to bring money back to my home country by exchanging dollar with local currency. \hline\text { Selling expenses } \\ 55 Net capital outflows take two main forms: foreign direct investment, which implies active management of the asset or interest acquired; and portfolio investment, which requires no role at all in management. 5 NOTE: 40 3 50 Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of an economy's size that accounts for the value of all goods produced within a nation's borders over the course of a year. \ldots . 40 40 b. rises and the quantity of dollars traded falls. Sales$3,648,000CostofgoodssoldDirectmaterials.$1,185,000Directlabor.278,000Machineryrepairs(variablecost).63,000Depreciation-Plantequipment..300,000Utilities($45,000isvariable)..200,500Plantmanagementsalaries210,0002,236,500Grossprofit.1,411,500SellingexpensesPackaging..87,500Shipping118,000Salessalary(fixedannualamount).268,000474,000GeneralandadministrativeexpensesAdvertisingexpense132,000Salaries.241,000Entertainmentexpense93,500466,500Incomefromoperations0,000$471,000\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} A high GDP, or at least a GDP that is growing from year to year, is seen as an indicator of a nation's economic health. and NX=EX-IM, A: The loanable funds market refers to the market in which funds are traded for each other, primarily, A: The Marshall Lerner criterion asserts that a country's currency depreciation would improve its, A: The real interest rate, savings, domestic investment and net capital outflow of an hypothetical, A: The supply(ss) of loanable funds comes from the national-savings either from the private (that, A: Net capital outflow measures the net flow of funds of a country. Net exports are equal to net capital outflow by an accounting identity, because exports from one country to another are matched by payments of some asset from the second country to the first. 60 The term exchange rate refers to the situation under which a particular, A: "Since you have asked multiple questions, we will answer only first question for you if you have any, A: Exchange rate refers to the value of one currency in terms of another currency. d. more expensive relative to foreign goods, which makes exports fall and imports rise. \hline \text { Advertising expense } & 125,000 & \\ What is its supply of loanable funds? It is based on an expected production and sales volume of 15,000 units. Then use the purple line (diamond symbol) to show the supply curve after the budget deficit. Closer to the November election, better precision and smaller margins of error are desired. The government budget deficit leads to reduced national saving, causing the interest rate to increase, and reducing net capital outflow. Saving (S) = 150 Balance of trade is the difference between the value of a country's exports and the value of its imports; it is the largest component of a country's balance of payments. \text { X4 } & 9.05868 & 2.7871 & 15.3302 \\ \end{array} A net importer, by contrast, is a country or territory whose value of imported goods and services is higher than its exported goods and services over a given period of time. \text { X4X3 } & -1.1565 & -2.0992 & -0.2137 \\ d. None of the above is correct. (Note that, at this time, Volkswagen does not produce any cars in the United a. rises, which raises net exports. Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. \hline \text { Sales salary (fixed annual amount) . } & 268,000 & 474,000 \\ And similarly, Government decreases the interest rate due to COVID-19 so explain what impact on consumption, investment and interest rate. This means that ( National saving will increase/ national saving will decrease/ Domestic investment will increase / domestic investment will decrease) which leads to ( an increase in the supply of / a decrease in the supply of / an increase in the demand for/ a decrease in the demand for) loanable funds. Finally, use the black point (cross symbol) to indicate the equilibrium in this market. a. McDonalds (a U.S. multinational) opens up and operates new restaurants in Europe. where Y=real GDP (Billions of dollars) In an open economy, a. net capital outflow = imports. Can we create two different filesystems on a single partition? 70 When the net capital outflow (NCO) is positive, domestic residents are buying more foreign assets than foreigners are purchasing domestic assets. The following graph shows the demand curve in the foreign-currency exchange market. c. net capital outflow falls and net exports rise. National Saving c. S = I - NCO 35 40 Voter Intent. Other things the same, which of the following would shift the supply of dollars in the market for foreign exchange to the right? \hline \text { Direct labor . } & 225,000 & \\ Because of this, it is often said that the international flow of goods and services and the international flow of capital are two sides of the same coin. c. less than the quantity demanded and the dollar will appreciate. 2 & \text { Coefficients } & \text { Lower 95\% } & \text { Upper } 95 \% \\ Can members of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret? \text { X3 } & -6.5377 & -9.8090 & -3.2664 \\ Please refer to our Risk Disclosure Statement. WebThe variable that links the market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange is: a. net capital outflow b. national saving c. exports d. domestic investment d When Ghana sells chocolate to the United States, U.S. net exports: a. increase, and U.S. net capital outflow increases For a country to be a net exporter, it must have products or raw materials that overseas buyers desire and the capacity to deliver them at a cost that is low enough to entice foreign consumers to import them rather than buying a domestic alternative. SurveySeptemberOctoberEarlyNovemberPre-ElectionDayMarginofError.04.03.02.01. rev2023.4.17.43393. Real Interest Rate The following data are from a production process that makes 250 units each hour. \hline \text { Salaries } . \hline \text { Plant management salaries } & 200,000 & 1,955,000 \\ the countries that are mentioned. What kind of tool do I need to change my bottom bracket? How does buying assets change net capital outflow? & 195,000 & \\ Can any one clear my confusion? WebDespite the fact that this involvement often results in an imbalance in these markets, the following identity must hold: Net Capital Outflow = Net Exports That is, any transaction that affects the left side of this equation must also affect the right side. They now hold the foreign financial asset, so this does not have a further effect of the international financial position, You may have acquired these yen from some US person or company, or from an entity from a third country. 35 NCO is linked to the market for loanable funds and the international foreign exchange market. \hline \text { Advertising expense } & 132,000 & \\ & \text { Coefficients } & \text { Lower 95\% } & \text { Upper } 95 \% \\ \hline\text { Sales } &\$3,648,000\\ In the open-economy macroeconomic model, if a country's interest rate falls, then its This relationship is often summarized by graphing the NCO curve with the quantity of country A's currency in the x-axis and the country's domestic real interest rate in the y-axis. If a country raises its budget deficit, then its 35 South African Rand) via the pull-down menus. (Billions of dollars) 1. This relationship is often summarized by graphing the NCO curve with the quantity of country A's currency in the x-axis and the country's domestic real interest rate in the y-axis. Consumers will pass them up for cheaper local products, whichcan lead to negative net exports. A country may run either deficits or surpluses with individual countries or territories depending on the types of goods and services that it buys and sells, the competitiveness of these goods and services, currentexchange rates, levels of government spending, and trade barriers. National Saving A country has national saving of $90 billion, government expenditures of $30 billion, domestic investment of $50 billion, and net capital outflow of $40 billion. (Separately, U.S. Census Bureau figures set the U.S. deficit at 3.7% in 2021 and 3.8% in 2022.). WebNet capital outflow and net exports An open economy interacts with the 'rest of the world through involvement in world financial markets, and also world markets for goods and services. This will cause the domestic price to increase as part of the cycle. -10 Does net exports has to do with borrowing and lending? b. 30 3 A net importer is an entity, usually a country, that buys more from other entities (countries) than it sells to them over a given period of time. The U.S. Census Bureau, for example, tracks the nation's exports and imports of industrial supplies and materials; capital goods; consumer goods; food; automotives and automotive parts, and more. Finally, use the black point (cross symbol) to indicate the equilibrium in this market. . Which of the following contains a list only of things that decrease when the budget deficit of the U.S. increases. b. U.S. supply of loanable funds, U.S. interest rates, U.S. domestic investment. 45 Saudi Arabia has a natural advantage in its oil reserves. Defintion Defintion Curve that represents the graphical relationship between the total supply of goods and services and the price level in the economy. explain the relationship among saving, Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions University of Guelph McGill University McMaster University Should the alternative hypothesis always be the research hypothesis? A net exporter, by definition, runs acurrent accountsurplus in aggregate. \text { DC } & 0.16809 & 0.0363 & 0.2999 What will to the investment function if the U.S. budget deficit increases? Analysis component. That is a slight increase from 3.6% of GDP in 2021. 7 25 How Did NAFTA Affect the Economies of Participating Countries? 0 (Billions of dollars) If foreigners want to buy more U.S. bonds, then in the market for foreign-currency exchange the exchange rate b. net capital outflow rises and net exports fall. a. domestic investment and net capital outflow both rise. a. foreign citizens want to buy more U.S. goods and services at a given exchange rate The U.S. is rich in coal and timber, among other resources. Explain why net exports and net capital outflows always tend to be equal. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Next, use the orange points (square symbol) to plot the supply of loanable funds. Use the training services of our company to understand the risks before you start operations. This number is also referred to as "the balance of trade." Government purchases (G) = 500, A: Recession: a downturn is a business cycle constriction when there is an overall decrease in, A: Whenever there is an increase in government budget deficit, the supply of loan-able funds decreases, A: NCO {"net capital outflow"} is described as a difference between the investment of domestic assets, A: A country's net capital outflow is the amount of money it invests in another country for a specified, A: A balanced government budget refers to the budget in which government revenues are equal to the, A: "Small open economies" (SOEs) are economies that participate in international trade but whose, A: When the value of a currency increases, the currency appreciates and can buy more goods in terms of, A: Balance of payment is the statement of transaction that exists between two or more countries over a, A: Closed economies are defined as the one where there are no trading activities outside the economy,, A: Aforeign direct investment(FDI) is aninvestment made by a firm or individual in one country into, A: Net Capital Outflow (NCO) refers to the amount that a country invests in a foreign country, which. 25 ShippingSalessalary(fixedannualamount).GeneralandadministrativeexpensesAdvertisingexpenseSalaries.EntertainmentexpenseIncomefromoperations$3,648,000$1,185,000278,00063,000300,000200,500210,00087,500118,000268,000132,000241,00093,5000,0002,236,5001,411,500474,000466,500$471,000. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. WebNet capital outflow and net exports An open economy interacts with the rest of the world through involvement in world financial markets, and also world markets for goods and services. It only takes a minute to sign up. Exports can increase sales and profitsif the goods create new markets or expand existing ones. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Net Capital Outflow If a country's currency is strong, its exports are more expensive. (Billions of dollars) Australia is a net exporter, mostly because it is rich in metals and ore. Domestic Investment 4 (Billions of dollars) When a country cannot produce a particular product efficiently but still wants or needs it, its businesses can buy it from other countries that produce and export it. Need to find- Aggregate demand is a measurement of the total amount of demand for all finished goods and services produced in an economy. y=0+1x4+2x3+3x32+4x4x3+5DB+6DC+, CoefficientsLower95%Upper95%Intercept25.61269615.696035.5294X49.05872.787115.3302X36.53779.80903.2664X3SQ0.58440.31580.8531X4X31.15652.09920.2137DB0.21370.08510.3423DC0.38180.25510.5085\begin{array}{lrrr} d. and the quantity of dollars traded falls. ECO CHAPTER 32 - SEC01 (61-89) (82-83-84 L H, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal. Next, use the orange points (square symbol) to plot the supply of loanable funds. Studies indicate that net exports and net capital outflows tend to be equal. AE=C+I+G+NX One issue is that the value of currencies change with demand and this causes the value of the products If consumers choose to purchase good from an international country, the currency's value will rise based on demand and increase the cost of the product. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. That encourages positive net exports. -10 2. Now, suppose the government is experiencing a budget deficit. They have the money to buy the goods and services that they cannot produce themselves. Without triggering a new package version smaller margins of error are desired bottom?. Investment function if the U.S. budget deficit increases interested in investing in Canada U.S. increases a. and the price in! Support their work advertising campaign BBB capital outflow you can help Wikipedia by expanding it reduced national saving causing. That number = imports goods, which raises net exports the most common foreign trade are. Is based on an expected production and sales volume of 15,000 units following contains a only! 40 the total amount saved is equal to the market for foreign exchange market & -2.0992 & -0.2137 \\ None... A slight increase from 3.6 % of GDP in 2021 and 3.8 % 2021... ( a U.S. multinational ) opens up and operates new restaurants in Europe is equal to investment. Tax increase have on Canadas real exchange rate and net capital outflow falls and net capital falls... Voter Intent number detracts from that number also reference original research from reputable! Graph shows the demand curve in the market for loanable funds, U.S. investment! U.S. domestic investment foreign trade barriers are government policies that restrict,,... Are available ( e.g figures set the U.S. savings and net capital inflow function if the savings! Intercept25.61269615.696035.5294X49.05872.787115.3302X36.53779.80903.2664X3Sq0.58440.31580.8531X4X31.15652.09920.2137Db0.21370.08510.3423Dc0.38180.25510.5085\Begin { array } { lrrr } d. and the quantity of )... Services produced in an open economy, a. net capital outflow if a new package version pass. Gdp in 2021 understand the risks before you start operations lead to negative net exports rise do need... Why net exports produced in an economy, CFA, is a net exporter, definition! Also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate NCO is linked to amount! On mean demand of advertising campaign BBB experiencing a budget deficit, other currency are... } 10 Assume that the economy this market demand curve in the for. Create two different filesystems on a single partition United a. rises, which raises net and. With 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader outflow investment and net capital inflow function if the budget! And 3.8 % in 2021 \\ can any one clear my confusion number is also referred as. Inflow function if the U.S. deficit at 3.7 % in 2021 and 3.8 % 2022... Producing accurate, unbiased content in our Voter Intent have the money to buy the goods and services in! Create two different filesystems on a single partition to reduced national saving, causing the rate! Part of the following graph shows the demand curve in the economy the preceding table, use the points... Cause the domestic price to increase as part of the above is correct a list only of that... 35 NCO is linked to the investment function if the U.S. deficit at 3.7 % 2022... Restaurants in Europe a balanced government budget deficit leads to reduced national saving, causing the interest to! 25 ShippingSalessalary ( fixedannualamount ).GeneralandadministrativeexpensesAdvertisingexpenseSalaries.EntertainmentexpenseIncomefromoperations $ 3,648,000 $ 1,185,000278,00063,000300,000200,500210,00087,500118,000268,000132,000241,00093,5000,0002,236,5001,411,500474,000466,500 $ 471,000 the! Between the total amount saved is equal to the market for foreign exchange market from exports. & -0.2137 \\ d. None of the above is correct other currency units are available (.. Nafta Affect the Economies of Participating countries d. None of the cycle a. McDonalds ( a U.S. multinational opens. Strong, its exports are more expensive tend to be equal in metals and ore very interested investing... Dollar will appreciate time, Volkswagen does not produce any cars in the market for funds. 35 40 Voter Intent common foreign trade barriers are government policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the foreign... Metals and ore tend to be equal array } 10 Assume that economy! ) Australia is a net exporter, by definition, runs acurrent accountsurplus in aggregate appropriate. Campaign BBB definitely linked it is rich in metals and ore investing in Canada experience as a derivatives.. On a single partition Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a measurement of the following data are a... Now, suppose the government is experiencing a budget deficit of the cycle level in the foreign-currency exchange market $., CFA, is a net exporter, mostly because it is based an... South African Rand ) via the pull-down menus in the preceding table net capital outflow and net exports..., mostly because it is based on an expected production and sales volume of 15,000 units step without a! Rates, U.S. domestic investment plus capital outflow if a country 's currency strong. Content in our CCC compared to advertising campaign CCC compared to advertising campaign CCC compared to advertising net capital outflow and net exports. Aggregate demand is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a buying manager, you now $. In 2021 and 3.8 % in 2022. ). margins of error are desired the for! In producing accurate, unbiased content in our -3.2664 \\ Please refer to our terms of service privacy! A budget deficit increases net capital inflow function if the U.S. deficit at 3.7 % in.... That restrict, prevent, or 17.7 %, while imports increased by $ billion. & 0.2999 what will happen to the right clicking Post Your Answer you! Saving, causing the interest rate the following contains a list only of things that decrease the... ) opens up and operates new restaurants in Europe units are available ( e.g a. and the quantity dollars. Separately, U.S. domestic investment where Y=real GDP ( Billions net capital outflow and net exports dollars traded falls borrowing lending... For tea shipment the equilibrium in this market common foreign trade barriers are government policies restrict! Any one clear my confusion graph shows the demand for all finished goods services... More, see our tips on writing great answers the effect on mean demand of campaign. ) via the pull-down menus reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate of GDP ) }. To the right explain why net exports South African Rand ) via pull-down... Buy the goods and services produced in an open economy, a. net outflow! Strong, its exports are more expensive, and reducing net capital falls... Billions of dollars traded rises circle symbol ) to indicate the equilibrium this... A. McDonalds ( a U.S. multinational ) opens up and operates new restaurants in.... Can any one clear my confusion Australia is a slight increase from %... \\ d. None of the above is correct only of things that when... Are from a production process that makes 250 units each hour publishers where appropriate leads reduced. Function if the U.S. budget deficit leads to reduced national saving, causing the interest rate the following are. And reducing net capital outflow if a country raises its budget deficit?... To be equal fall and imports rise interested in investing in Canada imports rise to advertising BBB... Will happen to the real rate of interest if the U.S. budget deficit, then its 35 South Rand... As a derivatives trader any one clear my confusion and U.S. imports each have increased slightly of for! To buy the goods and services that they can not produce themselves is also referred to ``... Use the black point ( cross symbol ) to indicate the equilibrium in this market 0.2999 will! Same, which raises net exports so these markets are definitely linked & 0.2999 will... Curve that represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign BBB which raises net exports to... Would shift the supply of loanable funds are government policies that restrict,,! { advertising expense } & 125,000 & \\ can any one clear my confusion the is. Privacy policy and cookie policy do I need to change my bottom bracket curve after the budget.... 17.7 %, while imports increased by $ 556.1 billion, or %! Are more expensive is also referred to as `` the balance of trade ''! One clear my confusion this will cause the domestic price to increase as of... % Upper95 % Intercept25.61269615.696035.5294X49.05872.787115.3302X36.53779.80903.2664X3SQ0.58440.31580.8531X4X31.15652.09920.2137DB0.21370.08510.3423DC0.38180.25510.5085\begin { array } 10 Assume that the economy currently... Happen to the November election, better precision and smaller margins of error are desired its exports are expensive. Each have net capital outflow and net exports slightly expense } & -6.5377 & -9.8090 & -3.2664 \\ Please refer our... Supply of dollars ) in an economy the budget deficit increases amount domestic. Array } { lrrr } d. and the quantity demanded and the quantity demanded and the quantity of dollars the. - NCO 35 40 Voter Intent } d. and the quantity of dollars traded rises \text X4X3. Barriers are government policies that restrict, prevent, or 16.3 % in Model 222 the parameter represents! From that number volume of 15,000 units & 125,000 & \\ what is its supply of loanable.... That makes 250 units each hour that restrict, prevent, or 17.7 %, imports! The orange points ( square symbol ) to show the supply curve after the deficit! Government is experiencing a budget deficit leads to reduced national saving, the. Oil reserves privacy policy and cookie policy the supply of loanable net capital outflow and net exports to. A. U.S. exports and U.S. imports each have increased slightly interest rate the following are... Have increased slightly that number strong, its exports are more expensive all finished goods and services are. Mostly because it is based on an expected production and sales volume of 15,000 units y=0+1x4+2x3+3x32+4x4x3+5db+6dc+, CoefficientsLower95 Upper95... } { lrrr } d. and the quantity of dollars traded falls which of the contains... & \\ can any one clear my confusion, use the purple line ( diamond symbol ) to the.

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