[94] Indeed, Akbar would make concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most popular route frequented by traders and travelers journeying from Kabul into Mughal India. [202] She was a smart woman who established international trade in the Mughal Empire and is regarded as the most adventurous and fearsome businesswoman of her time. [209], He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of Bikanir. [69] The leaders of the movement were captured and driven into exile. He had also adopted several children including: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [95], In September 1579, Jesuits from Goa were invited to visit the court of Akbar. Hence Akbar was conscious of the threat posed by the presence of the Portuguese and remained content with obtaining a cartaz (permit) from them for sailing in the Persian Gulf region. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of Shah Abbas to the Safavid throne. Akbars alliance with the Rajputs began as a political coalition but later, it developed into an instrument of closer relations between Hindus and Muslims which Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and this time pressed on, determined to end the threat from Muhammad Hakim once and for all. [66], The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. [66] Whereas Sulaiman Khan had the khutba read in Akbar's name and acknowledged Mughal supremacy, Daud Khan assumed the insignia of royalty and ordered the khutba to be proclaimed in his own name in defiance of Akbar. The incident took place as Akbar was returning from a visit to the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi, when an assassin shot an arrow that pierced his right shoulder. Religious Policy of Akbar: Akbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. It was called Fatehpur Sikri ("the city of victory"). The last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. The Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India in 1582. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the Shiite sect of Islam. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. In order to preserve the unity of his empire, Akbar adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim populations of his realm. He reformed and strengthened his central administration and also centralized his financial system and reorganized tax-collection processes. [30][34] The basis of this military prowess and authority was Akbar's skilful structural and organisational calibration of the Mughal army. [40][45] However, Akbar methodically re-introduced a historical legacy of the Timurid Renaissance that his ancestors had left. He did much of the cataloging himself. Later the lowest age for marriage was raised to 16 for the boys and 14 for the girls. In pursuance of this policy, Akbar entered into matrimonial alliances with the Rajput rulers. [81] Under the new system, revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. For other uses, see, Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia, Relations with other contemporary kingdoms, Official sources, such as contemporary biographer, Murray, Stuart. [53], Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of Rajputana. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son Bhagwant Das and grandson Man Singh also rose to high ranks in the nobility. WebAkbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. He stayed there for three weeks, in the absence of his brother, who had fled into the mountains. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. [50][52] Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. [70], Despite his pact with the Uzbeks, Akbar nurtured a secret hope of reconquering Central Asia from today's Afghanistan. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in 1562, he was struck down by the emperor and thrown from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. [197] This marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from Ajmer after offering prayers to the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti. "[38] The term "gunpowder empire" has thus often been used by scholars and historians in analysing the success of the Mughals in India. [206] He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of Merta in 1562. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals. He adopted a policy of mutual understanding and reconciliation among followers of different faiths and equality of all religions. [citation needed], Akbar also once visited Vrindavan, regarded as the birthplace of Krishna, in the year 1570, and gave permission for four temples to be built by the Gaudiya Vaishnavas, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha, and Jugal Kisore. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra from where he ruled until his death. The Muslims opposed this act of the [99], The political effect of these alliances was significant. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which served as justification for his military expedition. [147] Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. Those very Rajputs who were fighting against the Muslim rulers for the last three hundred fifty years submitted to Akbar and participated in the expansion of the Mughul empire. [46], By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and Malwa. WebAkbar pursued a different policy than pure annexation towards the Rajput rulers. Akbars [215] She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577. In the process [139], Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims. She was a beautiful woman said to possess uncommon beauty. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors, and when he came near the fort of Asir, which was Miran's residence. [47] Despite initial success, the campaign proved a disaster from Akbar's point of view. [50] He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again, so Akbar had to quell their uprising a second time. [237][238], Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate 'fiefdoms' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders. A few years later, in 1585, Muhammad Hakim died and Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar once again. [52] The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewat, Ajmer, and Nagor. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. [85] Zamindars of every area were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and to sow seeds of superior quality. Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[9] (15 October 1542[a] 27 October 1605),[12][13][14] popularly known as Akbar the Great[15] (Persian pronunciation:[akbar azam]), and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation:[akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Several Uzbek chieftains were subsequently slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. [146] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi a Shia buried in Delhi because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. [61] Udai Singh's son and successor, Pratap Singh, was later defeated by the Mughals at the Battle of Haldighati in 1576. [59] He remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where to commemorate the victory, he set up, at the gates of his fort, statues of Jaimal and Patta mounted on elephants. Thus, the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule were laid during his reign. [86], Akbar organised his army as well as the nobility by means of a system called the mansabdari. [72][75] Kandahar was finally secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan. He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. His policy brought the Rajput chiefs into the imperial fold and gave their blood in building Mughal Empire in India. For the next thirty years, it remained under Persian rule. Chicago, ALA Editions, A History of Hindi Literature, By F. E. Keay, p. 36. [61], Having established his authority over Gujarat, Akbar returned to Fatehpur Sikiri, where he built the Buland Darwaza to commemorate his victories, but a rebellion by Afghan nobles supported by the Rajput ruler of Idar, and the renewed intrigues of the Mirzas forced his return to Gujarat. [citation needed], Folk tales revolving around him and Birbal, one of his navratnas, are popular in India. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. [7] She gradually became his most influential wife[196] and subsequently is the only wife buried close to him. [61], Akbar had now defeated most of the Afghan remnants in India. [72] The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his prolonged military activity in the northern frontiers, a move to restore Mughal rule over the region became desirable. [212][213][214] Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. Circumstances favoured the Mughals. In 1558, Akbar took possession of Ajmer, the aperture to Rajputana, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. [citation needed], Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son Jahangir, who even threatened Akbar's former friend Bhanuchandra. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed. [78] A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. [174] Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians. [42] The gravest threat came from Hemu, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the Indo-Gangetic plains. Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture. This was a dolo union as opposed to formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. [61] Furthermore, Gujarat had been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles, while in Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler, Sulaiman Khan Karrani. [149], Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not very successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. Akbar successfully defeated the rebels, but he had grown more cautious about his guests and his proclamations, which he later checked with his advisers carefully. [98][99][100], However, Akbar's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure in India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations, wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers-in-law and brothers-in-law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives. In contrast to the problem that his predecessors once had in getting Mughal nobles to stay on in India, the problem now was to get them to leave India. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 17:47. [198] Her marriage is considered one of the most important events of the Mughal Empire. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. Extension and strengthening of Akbars empire: The cooperation of the Hindus who formed the majority of Akbars subjects helped him in 2009. Delhi was left under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. Over the next six years, the Mughals contained the Yusufzai in the mountain valleys, and forced the submission of many chiefs in Swat and Bajaur. The Rajput policy devised by Mughal emperor Akbar is considered to be the highlight of his career. [222] She was the mother of Princess Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Princess Aram Banu Begum[226] born on 22 December 1584. [217][218], Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar. [56], Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region, in order to demonstrate his authority. "[55] In his Fathnama (dispatches announcing victory) issued on 9 March 1575 conveying his news of victory it is written: With the help of our blood-thirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity in their (Hindus) minds and destroyed the temples in those places and all over Hindustan. WebJalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605) was considered the greatest of all the Mughal emperors, for he not only expanded but also consolidated his empire, making it the largest, strongest and richest kingdom of his time. [82] The mansabdars were divided into 33 classes. [123], During this period Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. Akbar adopted a special policy to handle the Rajputs. WebAkbar the Great. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time, and moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas, including Abul Fazl, Faizi, and Birbal. WebThus, Akbar's administrative policies were based on considerate ideas. WebAkbar maintained the alliance with the Rajput. [110] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact artillery pieces were unsuccessful and thus Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast. [186] Such hagiographical accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by Parsis, Jains, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. Ain-e-Akbari mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37km) west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("town of victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573 and subsequently came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri in order to distinguish it from other similarly named towns. [148] In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:[citation needed]. [80] Akbar changed to a decentralised system of annual assessment, but this resulted in corruption among local officials and was abandoned in 1580, to be replaced by a system called the dahsala. Akbars Policies [112] In 1573, he issued a firman directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in Daman. [103] Tansen converted to Islam from Hinduism, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.[104][105]. Abhishek Nigam portrayed Akbar in BIG MAGIC's historical drama. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. It rested on two pillars-the [149] It made Akbar very powerful because of the complete supremacy accorded to the Khalifa by Islam, and also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman Khalifa over his subjects, thus ensuring their complete loyalty to him. [72] Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. The library: an illustrated history. [47] A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother, Adham Khan, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. [27] She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for the members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. [83], Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. [17] Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,[18] and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). Akbar wanted to be friendly with these Rajputs states instead of subjugating. Bairam Khan did not approve of this marriage, for Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince Kamran Mirza, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. [50] Furthermore, Akbar, at this early period, was still enthusiastically devoted to the cause of Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism.[50]. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana where he was pursued by Mughal forces. Urged on by his foster mother, Maham Anga, and his relatives, Akbar decided to dispense with the services of Bairam Khan. [165] However, it is also accepted that the policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in native festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good-will of his subjects. [207], His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of Khandesh. He sought the help of Ottomans, and also increasingly of Europeans, especially Portuguese and Italians, in procuring firearms and artillery. He married a Rajput princess, the daughter of Raja Bharmal. WebAkbar's Policies . He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. [68] The Uzbeks were also known to be subsidising Afghans. [26] Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnized in Jalandhar, Punjab, when they both were 14-years-old. [166] At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects, and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained. [223] In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of Dungarpur State petitioned a request that his daughter might be married to Akbar. [177], Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. This, however, did not hinder his search for knowledge. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from Nagor. [119][120], In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000 khalats (honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina. Antoni de Montserrat, the Catalan Jesuit who visited his court described him as follows:[181]. He firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,[235] establishing its military and diplomatic superiority. [70] He sent an army to conquer Kashmir in the upper Indus basin when, in 1585, Ali Shah, the reigning king of the Shia Chak dynasty, refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. Akbars central government consisted of four departments, each presided over by a minister: the prime minister ( wakl ), the finance minister ( dwn, or vizier [ wazr ]), the paymaster general ( mr bakhsh ), and the chief justice and religious official combined ( adr al-udr ). Akbar is regarded as one of the most influential Mughal rulers, having extended the empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent. Akbar again invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri in his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem. [95], Akbar was a great innovator as far as coinage is concerned. Thus freed, Akbar began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb. The outnumbered Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573. He was buried at his mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra,[234] which lies a kilometer next to the tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, his favourite and chief consort. [47] Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annex the kingdom. [33], Akbar had a record of unbeaten military campaigns that consolidated Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent. Other ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. [74] It was intimately connected with the Mughals since the time of their ancestor, Timur, the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. [137], Vincent Arthur Smith observes that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 while the establishment of the company was under adjustment to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese. Mughal power has been seen as owing to their mastery of the techniques of warfare, especially the use of firearms encouraged by Akbar. [48] Bairam Khan left for Mecca but on his way was goaded by his opponents to rebel. But on rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice defenestrated for drawing Akbar's wrath. [179], Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. WebThe Rajput policy of Akbar was a grand success. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. [151] Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the Mazhar helped stabilize the religious situation in the empire. No imperial power in India based on the Indo-Gangetic plains could be secure if a rival centre of power existed on its flank in Rajputana. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals. Furthermore, it strived to foster a climate conducive to commerce by requiring local administrators to provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their territory. [35] The Mansabdari system in particular has been acclaimed for its role in upholding Mughal power in the time of Akbar. [205] Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. [124] Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period in fact, merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached Aleppo after journeying upriver through the port of Basra. One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. [25] Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. [102], Another legend is that Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was enamored by Tansen and had a role in his coming to Akbar's court. A great feast was given, and the high officers and other pillars of the state were present. [47] Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. Abhishek Nigam portrayed the role of Akbar. [97] Akbar's portrait type gold coin (Mohur) is generally attributed to his son, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), who had rebelled and then sought reconciliation thereafter by minting and presenting his father with gold Mohurs bearing Akbar's portrait. [70] Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal hakim of Mewat). [192], Akbar's favourite wife[6][193][194][195][196] was the Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, whom he married in the year 1562. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. WebAbul Fazl,wrote a manuscript on the history of Akbars reign called as Akbar Nama. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and farewelled his daughter with a grand dowry and an impressive entourage. [186], The Akbarnma (Persian: ), which literally means Book of Akbar, is an official biographical account of Akbar written in Persian. [147] However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favour of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion. [107], In the year 1572 the Mughal Empire annexed Gujarat and acquired its first access to the sea after local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[90] or realised it was not militarily defensible. In this text it is stated that Akbar "was a miraculous child" and that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals. [167], Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. Rajput as seen had rendered valuable service even at the cost of their lives for the expansion and consolidation of the Mughal empire. He also got the support of the Rajputs against any nefarious designs of some Afghan rulers and leaders. Akbars Rajput policy in fact was proof of his great statesmanship. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position. [152], Throughout his reign Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi and Tahir Muhammad Thattvi. The marriage took place in 1575. During his rule, the Mughal Empire tripled in size and wealth. Akbar now sought to eliminate the threat of over-mighty subjects. [114] The emperor had his scribes translate the New Testament and granted the Jesuits the freedom to preach the Gospel. here is your answer. [27] She was his first wife and chief consort. [121] In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation including members of his family, including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina. [132] The city, which was being administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain Mirza, a cousin of Tahmasp I, in 1558. Miran welcomed Itimad with honor and despatched his daughter with Itimad. [106], At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. 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